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略论表见代理的构成要件/朱永才

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略论表见代理的构成要件

朱永才 朱晓东


1999年3月15日九届全国人大二次会议通过的合同法第49条正式确立了表见代理制度。但因其文字表述过于简略,致使学界在表见代理的构成要件应否包括本人有过错方面的争议较大,进而造成司法实务上的各行其是。关于表见代理的构成要件,理论界一直存在两种主张:单一要件说和双重要件说。笔者通过对两种表见代理的过错形式进行分析,指出二者争议焦点所在,并提出自己的观点。
一、两种学说的主要内容
1、单一要件说认为:只要具备有使相对人相信代理权存在的表象与理由这一大要件,不问本人是否有过错,均构成表见代理。该说认为,相对人“善意无过失地相信无权代理人有代理权,是表见代理的唯一构成要件”,认定表见代理“必须将被代理人于无权代理发生之主观心态排斥在外”。【1】
2、双重要件说(亦称本人有过错而相对人无过错说),是对应单一要件说的称谓。该说认为,表见代理的成立必须同时具备两个条件:一是本人以自己的过失行为使相对人确信代理人有代理权;二是相对人不知亦不应知代理人无代理权。【2】
二、对两种学说的争议焦点分析
我们可以按代理中的三方过错形式对其合同形式加以分类,即分为:本人有过错的合同、第三人有过错的合同,代理人有过错的合同。按其过错形式不外乎这三种合同,因此我们可以就这三种合同分析其争议焦点。
1、本人有过错的表见代理合同,包括只有本人有过错和本人与代理人混合过错。在这一合同中,两种学说均认为:在第三人没有过错的情况下,均构成表见代理。可以说没有争议,在司法实践中适用那种学说也没有差别。
2、第三人有过错的合同,包括只有第三人有过错和第三人与代理人混和过错。第三人没有过错才能构成表见代理是两种学说的共识,即第三人有过错的合同不构成表见代理。
3、代理人有过错的合同,即只有代理人有过错,本人与第三人均无过错。表见代理中代理人是肯定有过错的,但因其过错程度不同,可以分为以下两种:一种是代理人过错极其严重,构成合同无效。比如说,代理人是通过盗窃等犯罪手段获得有代理权的证据。这种合同在单一要件说中认为表面要件不成立,不认为构成表见代理。双重要件说在认为本人没有过错的情况下,当然不构成表见代理。即两种学说在这一情况下没有分歧。另一种是代理人虽有过错但不构成合同无效。这时代理人的过错就是明知自己没有代理权或代理权不完善的情况下,而与第三人签定的合同,构成合同法上的欺诈。根据《合同法》的有关规定,欺诈合同是可撤销合同。正是在这种合同中,两种学说发生分歧。按单一要件说,构成表见代理,合同成立,后果由本人承担。按双重要件说,不构成表见代理,适用狭义无权代理的规定。
通过分析我们可以得出结论:其争议焦点在下只有代理人虽有过错但不构成合同无效的情况签定的代理合同。
三、支持单一要件说的理由
通过以上分析可以认为,两种学说的争议焦点是,只有在被代理人的过错还不致导致合同无效时,或者说只构成可撤销合同时,是否认定表见代理。那么在这种情况下哪种学说更合理呢?笔者认为,单一要件说更为合理。其理由如下:
(一)从表见代理制度的目的来讲,单一要件说更为符合。表见代理的目的主要有两个:一是保护交易安全;二是保护善意第三人。如果仅仅是从保护本人的角度出发,在这种情况下有无权代理制度就足够了。
(二)双重要件说具有制度上的不合理性。双重要件说要求本人有过错,如果本人没有过错其结果是构成无权代理,对于无权代理的合同,合同法赋予了本人追认权,此时的代理合同在本人行使追认权前效力待定,代理合同成为效力待定合同。而第三人由于是受被代理人欺诈签订的合同,根据合同法的规定,受欺诈签订的合同第三人拥有撤销权,此时代理合同就会成为可撤销合同,可撤销合同在撤销前是有效合同。这样一来,合同的效力就成了问题。就是说,在表见代理中考虑双重要件会破坏合同法的制度体系。
(三)我国《合同法》采用了单一要件说,且在其49条规定为“有理由相信”,其利便在于能使法官依个案之具体情势灵活作出裁判。【3】这就是说,单一要件说的缺陷可以在司法实践中得以弥补。而且,在越权代理、超期代理中难以考察本人的过错。所以,在中外司法实践中,这两种表见代理是不考虑本人过错的。这一点是双重要件说难以弥补的缺陷。
(四)有没有折衷学说,外观主义原理的“本人与因”是不是支持双重要件说?
鉴于单一要件说与双重要件说各执一端,互相攻讦,有的学者试图修补它们的欠缺,调和它们的分歧,提出了一个折衷方案。该说的特别之处在于,不把本人对无权代理的发生有过错列入表见代理要件(区别于双重要件说),而把本人与无权代理的发生有关系列入表见代理要件(区别于单一要件说)。有学者认为这是折衷说。【4】
笔者认为,这一学说应属于单一要件说。因为这一学说的关键是不把本人对无权代理的发生有过错列入表见代理要件,这在司法实践中才具有重要意义。
另外,有学者提出外观主义理论(亦称法外观理论),为双重要件说提供了理论支持。并提出适用外观主义必须具备的三要件中,本人与因不可或缺。【5】笔者认为外观与因,并不是在表见代理中支持双重要件说。其本人与因和本人过错不是同一概念。相反这一理论更支持单一要件说,因为本人与因并没有强调本人过错,只是说应与本人有关系。
四、单一要件说的完善
关于表见代理的规定,各国均为采用单一要件说,但是无论大陆法系的表见代理还是英美法系都采用了严格具体类型的方式。反观我国《合同法》第49条,没有采用严格的具体类型的规定方式,而采用构成要件的方式。但其构成要件过于简单,致使本身只是一种例外的表见代理变得过于宽泛,打破了本人与相对人的利益平衡,造成了一些负面影响。【6】因而,单一要件说要想在理论上站的住脚必须加以完善。
考虑到我国合同法的现实,笔者认为应该吸纳本人与因的合理要素,以剔除单一要件说的不合理因素,防止表见代理不合理的扩大化,使单一要件说更加完善。

注释:
【1】孙鹏,《合同法热点问题研究》,群众出版社2001年版,第166页。
【2】参见奚晓明,《论表见代理》,载《中外法学》1996年第4期。
【3】尹田,《我国新合同法中的表见代理制度评析》,载北京大学法学院编:《民事责任与民法典体系》(北大法学文存第4卷),法律出版社2002年版,第176页。
【4、5】王宇华,《重新解读表见代理之要件》,http://www.dffy.com。
【6】陈建梅,《表见代理构成要件的一点思考—兼评我国〈合同法〉第49条》,载“法律图书馆”网站之“法律论文资料库”,http://www.law-lib.com/lw/。

作者简介:朱永才,河北博大律师事务所主任,律师。
朱晓东,河北经贸大学2004级经济法专业研究生。


境外金融机构管理办法(附英文)

人民银行


境外金融机构管理办法(附英文)

1990年4月13日,人民银行

第一条 为了加强境外金融机构的管理,保障金融事业的健康发展,制定本办法。
第二条 中国境内银行、非银行金融机构(以下统称境内金融机构),非金融性公司、企业及其他组织(以下统称境内非金融机构),境外中资银行、非银行金融机构(以下统称境外中资金融机构)和境外非金融性中资公司、企业及其他组织(以下统称境外中资非金融机构),投资设立或者收购境外金融机构,必须遵守本办法的规定。
前款所称境外金融机构是指境内金融机构、非金融机构及境外中资金融机构和非金融机构在境外设立或者收购的从事存款、贷款、票据贴现、结算、信托投资、金融租赁、担保、保险、证券经营等项金融业务的机构。
第三条 设立或者收购境外金融机构的审批管理机关为中国人民银行。
第四条 境内金融机构申请设立或者收购境外金融机构,应当具备下列条件:
(一)经国务院或者中国人民银行批准,依法登记注册,并持有中国人民银行颁发的《经营金融业务许可证》;
(二)经国家外汇管理局批准经营外汇业务,持有国家外汇管理局颁发的《经营外汇业务许可证》,并有三年以上经营外汇业务经验和与其经营业务相适应的专业人员;
(三)有合法的外汇资金来源;
(四)有不低于八千万元人民币等值外汇的自有资金。
第五条 境内非金融机构申请设立或者收购境外金融机构,应当具备下列条件:
(一)经有关部门批准成立,依法登记注册的大型公司、企业;
(二)在境外设有集团性公司、企业或者其他大型企业,并有较好的基础和盈利前景;
(三)经主管部门同意在境外设立金融机构,并有不低于一亿元人民币等值外汇的自有资金;
(四)有与其经营金融业务及外汇业务相适应的专业人员。
第六条 境外中资金融机构和非金融机构申请设立或者收购境外金融机构,应当具备下列条件:
(一)经主管部门批准,依法在境外设立,有正式批准文件和在当地合法营业的证明材料;
(二)拟设机构地区中资金融机构力量较弱,有必要设立金融机构;
(三)所提申请符合有关国家或者地区的法律。
第七条 设立或者收购境外金融机构依照下列规定申报批准:
(一)境内金融机构在境外设立代表机构、分支机构,设立中资、中外合资金融机构或者收购境外金融机构,由中国人民银行批准;
(二)境内非金融机构在境外设立中资、中外合资金融机构或者收购境外金融机构,由主管部门征求经贸部意见并审核同意后,报中国人民银行批准;
(三)境外中资金融机构和非金融机构,设立或者收购境外金融机构,由其境内投资单位征求经贸部意见后报中国人民银行批准。
第八条 在境外设立或者收购金融机构,应当由其境内投资单位向中国人民银行提出申请,申请书需载明拟设立或者收购金融机构的名称、营业范围、条件和必要性等,经中国人民银行审核立项后,依照本办法的规定提交申请文件。
中国人民银行对申请单位提交的申请文件进行审查,并在接到申请文件之日起三个月内决定批准或者不批准。
第九条 经批准设立或者收购的境外金融机构,应当由其境内投资单位持中国人民银行批准文件,依照有关规定到国家外汇管理局办理外汇汇出手续。
第十条 境内金融机构申请在境外设立代表机构,应当提交下列文件:
(一)申请单位的主要负责人签署的申请报告,其内容包括:拟设代表机构的名称,住所,首席代表、代表简历;
(二)设立代表机构的费用预算和外汇来源证明。
第十一条 境内金融机构申请在境外设立分支机构,应当提交下列文件:
(一)申请单位主要负责人签署的申请报告,其内容包括:拟设分支机构的名称,住所,营业资金数额,经营业务种类,主要负责人简历等;
(二)申请单位前三年的资产负债表、损益表和业务状况报告;
(三)可行性研究报告;
(四)中国人民银行要求提交的其他有关文件。
第十二条 境内金融机构、非金融机构及境外中资金融机构、非金融机构申请在境外设立中资金融机构,应当提交下列文件:
(一)申请单位主要负责人签署的申请报告,其内容包括:拟设中资金融机构名称,住所,注册资本和实有资本,资金来源,经营业务种类,主要负责人简历等;
(二)申请单位前三年的资产负债表、损益表和业务状况报告;
(三)可行性研究报告;
(四)中国人民银行要求提交的其他有关文件。
第十三条 境内金融机构、非金融机构及境外中资金融机构、非金融机构申请在境外设立中外合资金融机构,应当提交下列文件:
(一)申请单位的主要负责人签署的申请报告,其内容包括:拟设中外合资金融机构的名称,住所,注册资本和实有资本,经营业务种类,合资各方的名称和出资比例,中方资金来源、主要负责人简历等;
(二)申请单位前三年的资产负债表、损益表和业务状况报告;
(三)合资各方草签的合资协议、合同和章程;
(四)可行性研究报告;
(五)中国人民银行要求提交的其他有关文件。
第十四条 境内金融机构、非金融机构及境外中资金融机构、非金融机构申请收购境外金融机构,应当提交下列文件:
(一)申请单位主要负责人签署的申请报告,其内容包括:拟收购的金融机构的名称,住所,章程,总资本和总资产数额,机构及人员状况,财务状况,收购原因,收购目的,收购资金数额,资金来源;
(二)申请单位前三年的资产负债表、损益表和业务状况报告;
(三)可行性研究报告;
(四)中国人民银行要求提交的其他有关文件。
第十五条 境外金融机构有下列变更之一的,其境内投资单位应当于事前向中国人民银行提出申请,由中国人民银行审批:
(一)代表机构升为分支机构;
(二)撤销代表机构、分支机构、中资或者中外合资金融机构;
(三)调整中外合资金融机构的股份比例或者增资。
第十六条 境外金融机构的境内投资单位应当于每年七月三十一日前向所在地中国人民银行省级分行报送境外金融机构上半年工作报告,其内容包括:机构人员变化情况,存款放款分析,汇出汇入款项分析,进出口结算分析,投资项目分析和外汇、证券、黄金买卖分析。上述报告由中国人民银行省级分行转报中国人民银行。
第十七条 境外金融机构的境内投资单位应当于每年三月三十一日前向所在地中国人民银行省级分行报送境外金融机构上一年度的资产负债表、损益表和年度工作报告,并由中国人民银行省级分行转报中国人民银行。
第十八条 中国人民银行及其各省级分行有权对境外金融机构的工作进行监督。
第十九条 违反本办法第七条的规定,未经中国人民银行批准,在境外设立或者收购金融机构的,中国人民银行有权冻结境内投资单位相应数额的外汇或者人民币存款,责令其撤销境外金融机构或者限期补办审批手续,并追究主要负责人和直接责任人员的责任。
违反本办法第十五条规定的,中国人民银行有权冻结境内投资单位相应数额的外汇或者人民币存款,并责令其对境外金融机构进行停业整顿。
违反本办法第十六条、第十七条规定,情节严重的,中国人民银行对境内投资单位可处以人民币十万元以下罚款。
违反外汇管理的,依照国家有关规定予以处罚。
第二十条 本办法施行前未经中国人民银行批准,已在境外设立或者收购金融机构的,应当在中国人民银行规定的期限内,依照本办法的规定补办审批手续。
第二十一条 本办法不适用于在中国境内设立的外商投资企业。
第二十二条 本办法由中国人民银行负责解释。
第二十三条 本办法自发布之日起施行。(附英文)

PROCEDURES FOR THE ADMINISTRATION OF CHINESE FINANCIAL INSTITU-TIONS ABROAD

Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民
共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.

Whole Document (法规全文)
PROCEDURES FOR THE ADMINISTRATION OF CHINESE FINANCIAL INSTITU-
TIONS ABROAD
(Approved by the State Council on March 12, 1990 and promulgated
by Decree No. 1 of the People's Bank of China on April 13, 1990)
Article 1
These Procedures are formulated for the purpose of strengthening the
administration of Chinese financial institutions outside China and
ensuring the sound development of financial undertakings.
Article 2
All banking and non-banking financial institutions inside China
(hereinafter collectively referred to as "domestic financial
institutions"), all non-financial corporations, enterprises and other
organizations inside China (hereinafter collectively referred to as
"domestic non-financial institutions"), all Chinese-invested banking and
non-banking financial institutions outside China (hereinafter collectively
referred to as "Chinese-invested financial institutions abroad"), and all
Chinese-invested non-financial corporations, enterprises and other
organizations outside China (hereinafter collectively referred to as
"Chinese-invested non-financial institutions abroad") that wish to invest
in the establishment or purchase of a financial institution abroad shall
abide by these Procedures.
The term "financial institutions abroad" referred to in the preceding
paragraph denotes institutions which are established or purchased abroad
by domestic financial institutions or non-financial institutions, or
Chinese-invested financial institutions or non-financial institutions
abroad and which engage in such financial business operations as deposits,
loans, discount of negotiable instruments, settlements, trust investment,
financial lease, guarantees, insurance and deals in securities.
Article 3
The organ to examine, approve and administer the establishment or purchase
of financial institutions abroad is the People's Bank of China.
Article 4
A domestic financial institution that applies for the establishment or
purchase of a financial institution abroad shall satisfy the following
requirements:
1) it has been approved by the State Council or the People's Bank of
China, has been registered in accordance with the law and holds a Licence
of Financial Business Operations issued by the People's Bank of China;
2) it has been permitted by the State Administration of Foreign Exchange
Control to handle foreign exchange operations, holds a Licence of Foreign
Exchange Operations issued by the State Administration of Foreign Exchange
Control and has the experience in handling foreign exchange operations for
over three years and the required specialized personnel;
3) it possesses legitimate sources of funds in foreign exchange; and
4) it possesses a foreign exchange fund of its own equivalent to no less
than 80 million Renminbi yuan.
Article 5
A domestic non-financial institution that applies for the establishment or
purchase of a financial institution abroad shall satisfy the following
requirements:
1) it is a large corporation or enterprise that has been established upon
approval by the department concerned and has been registered in accordance
with the law; 2) it has a group corporation or group enterprise or other
large enterprise operating abroad with a relatively solid foundation and
good prospect of making profit; 3) it has been permitted by the department
in charge to establish a financial institution abroad and possesses a
foreign exchange fund of its own equivalent to no less than 100 million
Renminbi yuan; and
4) it possesses the specialized personnel required for handling financial
and foreign exchange operations.
Article 6
A Chinese-invested financial institution or non-financial institution
abroad that applies for the establishment or purchase of a financial
institution abroad shall satisfy the following requirements:
1) it has been established abroad upon approval by the department in
charge in accordance with the law, possessing the official document of
approval and the documents certifying that it is engaged in legitimate
business operations in the locality; 2) the Chinese-invested financial
institutions in the locality where the intended financial institution is
to be established or purchased are in a relatively weak position, which
renders it necessary to establish the financial institution; and 3) the
application submitted is in conformity with the law of the country or
region concerned.
Article 7
The application for the establishment or purchase of a financial
institution abroad shall be submitted for approval in accordance with the
following provisions:
1) the application by a domestic financial institution for the
establishment abroad of a representative agency, a branch office, or for
the establishment abroad of a Chinese-invested financial institution or a
Chinese-foreign joint financial institution, or for the purchase of a
financial institution abroad, shall be submitted to the People's Bank of
China for approval;
2) the application by a domestic non-financial institution for the
establishment abroad of a Chinese-invested financial institution or a
Chinese-foreign joint financial institution or for the purchase of a
financial institution abroad shall, upon verification and consent by the
department in charge which has solicited the opinions of the Ministry of
Foreign Economic Relations and Trade, be submitted to the People's Bank of
China for approval; and
3) the application by a Chinese-invested financial institution or non-
financial institution abroad for the establishment or purchase of a
financial institution abroad shall, after its domestic investing unit has
solicited the opinions of the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and
Trade, be submitted to the People's Republic of China for approval.
Article 8
For the establishment or purchase of a financial institution abroad, the
domestic investing unit concerned shall apply to the People's Bank of
China. The application shall clearly state the name of the financial
institution to be established or purchased, its business scope, the
conditions, and the necessity therefor. After the content has been
examined, verified and filed as an item for processing by the People's
Bank of China, the application shall be submitted in accordance with the
provisions of these Procedures.
The People's Bank of China shall examine the application submitted by the
applying unit and shall, within three months of receipt of the same, make
the decision as to whether or not it will grant the approval.
Article 9
After the establishment or purchase of a financial institution abroad has
been approved, the domestic investing unit concerned shall, on the
strength of the document of approval by the People's Bank of China and in
accordance with the pertinent provisions, approach the State
Administration of Foreign Exchange Control and go through the procedures
to remit abroad the required foreign exchange.
Article 10
A domestic financial institution that applies for the establishment abroad
of a representative agency shall submit the following documents:
1) an application duly signed by the chief person in charge of the
applying unit, which shall include the name of the proposed representative
agency, its address, the name of the chief representative and his/her
curriculum vitae; and
2) the estimated expense of the proposed agency and the certificate of its
source of foreign exchange.
Article 11
A domestic financial institution that applies for the establishment abroad
of a branch office shall submit the following documents:
1) an application duly signed by the chief person in charge of the
applying unit, which shall include the name of the proposed branch office,
its address, the amount of its operating funds, the type(s) of business
operations, the curriculum vitae of the chief person in charge;
2) the statements of assets and liabilities, the statements of loss and
profit, and the financial reports of the applying unit for the three years
prior to the submission of the application;
3) the feasibility study report; and
4) other relevant documents required by the People's Bank of China.
Article 12
A domestic financial institution or non-financial institution or a
Chinese-invested financial institution or non-financial institution abroad
that applies for the establishment abroad of a Chinese-invested financial
institution shall submit the following documents:
1) an application duly signed by the chief person in charge of the
applying unit, which shall include the name of the proposed Chinese-
invested financial institution, its address, its registered capital and
the actual capital, the source(s) of funds, the type(s) of business
operations and the curriculum vitae of the chief person in charge; 2) the
statements of assets and liabilities, the statements of loss and profit,
and the financial reports of the applying unit for the three years prior
to the submission of the application;
3) the feasibility study report; and
4) other relevant documents required by the People's Bank of China.
Article 13
A domestic financial institution or non-financial institution or a
Chinese-invested financial institution or non-financial institution abroad
that applies for the establishment abroad of a Chinese-foreign joint
financial institution shall submit the following documents:
1) an application duly signed by the chief person in charge of the
applying unit, which shall include the name of the proposed Chinese-
foreign joint financial institution, its registered capital and the actual
capital, the type(s) of business operations, the names of the respective
investing parties and the percentage of their respective capital
contributions, the source(s) of funds of the Chinese investor(s), and the
curriculum vitae of the chief person in charge;
2) the statements of assets and liabilities, the statements of loss and
profit, and the financial reports of the applying unit for the three years
prior to the submission of the application;
3) the agreement, the contract and the articles of association of the
joint financial institution initialled by the respective investing parties
thereto;
4) the feasibility study report; and
5) other relevant documents required by the People's Bank of China.
Article 14
A domestic financial institution or non-financial institution or a
Chinese-invested financial institution or non-financial institution abroad
that applies for the purchase of a financial institution abroad shall
submit the following documents:
1) an application duly signed by the chief person in charge of the
applying unit, which shall include the name of the financial institution
that is to be purchased, its address, the articles of association, the
total capital and total assets, the state of affairs of the institution
and its personnel, its financial position, the reasons of the purchase and
the objectives thereof, the amount of the fund needed for the purchase,
and the source(s) of the fund;
2) the statements of assets and liabilities, the statements of loss and
profit, and the financial reports of the applying unit for the three years
prior to the submission of the application;
3) the feasibility study report; and
4) other relevant documents required by the People's Bank of China.
Article 15
If a financial institution abroad is to make any one of the following
changes, its domestic investing unit shall in advance submit an
application to the People's Bank of China for examination and approval:
1) if a representative agency is to be upgraded to a branch office;
2) if a representative agency, or a branch office, or a Chinese-invested
financial institution or a Chinese-foreign joint financial institution is
to be disbanded; and 3) if the percentages of the shares held by the
respective investing parties to a Chinese-foreign joint financial
institution are to be adjusted or if the capital is to be increased.
Article 16
The domestic investing unit of a financial institution abroad shall, prior
to the date of July 31 every year, submit to the provincial branch bank of
the People's Bank of China in the locality where it is situated the work
report of the financial institution abroad for the first half of the year,
which shall include the changes in the personnel of the institution, a
breakdown of the deposits and loans, a breakdown of the money sent abroad
or received therefrom; a breakdown of the import and export settlements,
an analysis of the projects of investment and an analysis of the business
transactions in foreign exchange, securities and gold. The afore-said
report shall then be transmitted to the People's Bank of China by its
provincial branch bank.
Article 17
The domestic investing unit of a financial institution abroad shall, prior
to the date of March 31 every year, submit to the provincial branch bank
of the People's Bank of China the statement of assets and liabilities, the
statement of loss and profit, and the annual work report of the financial
institution abroad for the previous fiscal year, which shall then be
transmitted to the People's Bank of China by its provincial branch bank.
Article 18
The People's Bank of China and its various provincial branch banks shall
have the right to exercise supervision over the work of the financial
institutions abroad.
Article 19
If any party, in violation of the provisions in Article 7 of these
Procedures, establishes or purchases a financial institution abroad
without the approval of the People's Bank of China, the People's Bank of
China shall have the right to freeze a corresponding amount of the foreign
exchange of the domestic investing unit thereof or of its Renminbi
deposits, order it to disband the financial institution abroad or set a
deadline for it to make up for the procedures of application for
examination and approval, and conduct close investigations into the
liability of the chief person in charge of the unit and of those who are
directly responsible therefor. If any party violates the provisions in
Article 15 of these Procedures, the People's Bank of China shall have the
right to freeze a corresponding amount of the foreign exchange of the
domestic investing unit thereof or of its Renminbi deposits and order it
to stop the business operations of the financial institution abroad for
rectification. If any party violates the provisions in Articles 16 and 17
of these Procedures, to a serious extent, the People's Bank of China may
impose a fine of 100,000 Renminbi yuan or less on the domestic investing
unit thereof.
Any party violates the regulations concerning foreign exchange control
shall be penalized in accordance with the pertinent provisions of the
State.
Article 20
If any party has, before these Procedures go into effect, established or
purchased a financial institution abroad without approval of the People's
Bank of China, it shall, within the time limit prescribed by the People's
Bank of China, make up for the procedures of application for examination
and approval.
Article 21
These Procedures shall not apply to the enterprises with foreign
investment inside China.
Article 22
The People's Bank of China shall be responsible for the interpretation of
these Procedures.
Article 23
These Procedures shall go into effect as of the date of promulgation.


广州市专利奖励办法

广东省广州市人民政府


广州市专利奖励办法

广州市人民政府令第37号


  《广州市专利奖励办法》已经2010年8月24日市政府第13届120次常务会议讨论通过,现予以公布,自2010年11月1日起施行。

市长 万庆良
二○一○年九月九日

广州市专利奖励办法

  第一条 为鼓励发明创造,激励自主创新,根据《中华人民共和国专利法》、《广州市专利管理条例》等法律、法规,结合本市实际,制定本办法。

  第二条 市人民政府设立广州市专利奖(以下简称市专利奖),每两年评审一次。奖项包括:

  (一)广州市专利金奖;

  (二)广州市专利优秀奖;

  (三)广州市专利创造贡献奖;

  (四)广州市专利实施效益奖。

  市专利奖经费列入市政府财政预算。

  第三条 市专利奖的申报、推荐、评审和授奖工作,遵循公开、公平、公正的原则。

  参加评审工作的专家以及相关工作人员,与申报奖励的单位或者个人有利害关系的,应当回避。

  第四条 市人民政府设立市专利奖评审委员会(以下简称评审委员会),负责市专利奖的评审工作。评审委员会由有关方面的专家、学者组成,由市人民政府聘任。

  市专利行政主管部门负责市专利奖评审的组织工作。

  第五条 评审委员会根据不同奖项和技术领域设立专业评审组,负责各专业范围内市专利奖的初步评审工作。

  第六条 广州市专利金奖、广州市专利优秀奖的项目以及广州市专利创造贡献奖、广州市专利实施效益奖的单位应当经过评选产生。广州市专利金奖每届不超过3项,每项奖励20万元;广州市专利优秀奖每届不超过20项,每项奖励10万元;广州市专利创造贡献奖每届名额不超过10个,每个单位奖励3万元;广州市专利实施效益奖每届名额不超过10个,每个单位奖励3万元。

  参选项目不符合广州市专利金奖评奖条件的,广州市专利金奖可以空缺。

  第七条 本市行政区域内的单位或者个人拥有的中国专利在本市范围内实施,并且同时具备下列条件的项目可以申报配套奖励:

  (一)评奖周期内获得国家、省专利金奖或者优秀奖;

  (二)专利权属明确,法律状态稳定。

  获得国家专利金奖的项目,每项配套奖励20万元;获得国家专利优秀奖的项目,每项配套奖励10万元;获得省专利金奖的项目,每项配套奖励8万元;获得省专利优秀奖的项目,每项配套奖励5万元。

  获得国家、省专利金奖或者优秀奖的项目申请配套奖励的,获奖人应当向评审委员会提交申报书以及相关证明文件。评审委员会对相关证明文件审核确认后,报请市人民政府向获奖人颁发证书和奖金。

  第八条 获得国家、省、市专利金奖或者优秀奖的项目单位,应当将市人民政府奖励的奖金按照不少于30%的比例奖励获奖项目专利发明人或者设计人,按照不少于20%的比例奖励对该专利项目实施做出实质性贡献的部门和个人。

  第九条 本市行政区域内的单位或者个人拥有的中国专利在本市范围内实施,并且同时具备下列条件的项目可以申报广州市专利金奖和广州市专利优秀奖:

  (一)属于有效的发明、实用新型或者外观设计专利;

  (二)发明专利或者实用新型专利项目的技术方案构思巧妙、新颖、技术水平高或者在技术上有重大突破,对推动本行业或者领域的技术进步有突出作用;外观设计专利在形状、图案、色彩或者结合上作出了富有美感并且适用于工业应用的新设计;

  (三)项目实施后取得了显著的经济效益,年创利税或者产品的市场占有率位居同行业前列;或者项目的实施对产业结构调整、节约能源、保护环境、解决公共健康等问题起到重要作用,产生重大社会效益;

  (四)专利权属明确,法律状态稳定;

  (五)没有获得过国家、省、市专利奖。

  第十条 本市行政区域内的单位同时具备以下条件的可以申报广州市专利创造贡献奖:

  (一)连续两年专利申请总量或者发明专利申请量名列全市或者同行业前茅,并且未实施过非正常申请专利行为;

  (二)评奖周期内未被法院或者专利行政主管部门认定有侵犯他人专利权或者假冒专利等违法行为。

  第十一条 本市行政区域内的单位同时具备以下条件的可以申报广州市专利实施效益奖:

  (一)通过自行实施专利或者许可他人实施专利取得重大的经济效益;或者专利项目的实施具有特殊的社会意义,对我市的经济发展产生重大影响、具有重大社会效益;

  (二)评奖周期内未被法院或者专利行政主管部门认定有侵犯他人专利权或者假冒专利等违法行为。

  第十二条 申报市专利奖按照以下程序进行:

  申报单位或者个人按要求填写申报书,向市专利行政主管部门申报。申报广州市专利金奖和广州市专利优秀奖的项目应当提供专利证书、专利登记簿副本、专利公告文件以及专利实施效益报告;申报广州市专利创造贡献奖和广州市专利实施效益奖的单位应当提供事迹材料和相关证明文件。

  第十三条 市专利奖的评审工作按照以下程序进行:

  (一)市专利行政主管部门对申报材料进行汇总、分类和审核后,交由相应专业评审组进行初评;

  (二)专业评审组根据评审标准进行初评后,以记名投票表决办法提出获奖项目、奖励等次和获奖人选的评审意见,报评审委员会;

  (三)评审委员会根据专业评审组的意见,以记名投票表决办法进行综合评审,作出获奖项目、奖励等次和获奖人选的评审决议,并将评审决议在市人民政府以及市专利行政主管部门网站上进行公示;

  (四)公示期结束后,市专利行政主管部门将评选结果报请市人民政府批准。市人民政府批准后,市专利行政主管部门在市人民政府以及本部门网站上公布评选结果,并由市人民政府向获奖的单位和个人颁发证书和奖金。

  第十四条 市专利奖的评审工作接受社会监督,实行异议制度。对评审决议有异议的组织或者个人,可以在公示之日起30日内以书面形式向评审委员会提出。评审委员会另行组织专家对异议内容进行复审,作出复审决定,并将结果通知提出异议方。

  第十五条 申报评奖的单位和个人弄虚作假骗取奖励的,由市人民政府撤销其奖励,在相关媒体上公布,并禁止其参加自下届起两届内的市专利奖的评奖活动,已经获得证书和奖金的,予以追回。构成犯罪的,依法追究其刑事责任。

  第十六条 评审专家或者工作人员在评审过程中泄露评审情况,弄虚作假、徇私舞弊的,对评审专家取消其评审资格,对工作人员依照有关规定给予行政处分。构成犯罪的,依法追究其刑事责任。

  第十七条 市专利行政主管部门根据本办法制定实施细则以及评审标准。

  第十八条 本办法自2010年11月1日起施行。